Genre Analysis: Scheduling

TV Scheduling



Each day the schedule can be broken down into clear segments

• Breakfast


• Daytime


• Children time


• Familytime - Peak time 7-9


• Adults- after 9pm/10pm

The target audience for these segments are

Breakfast- Depends on what the channel caters for e.g BBC2 Children programmes

Daytime- Housewives, unemployed and students

Children time- Children usually just arriving home from nursery or school

Family time- everybody peak viewing

Adults- Adults due to content

The most popular genres on the television are:

1. News


2. Soaps


3. Game shows


4. Talkshows


5. Sitcoms


6. Films

Each terrestrial channel has their own target audience:

BBC1- Everyone (mass broadcasting)

BBC2- Educated audience

ITV1- Everyone (mass broadcasting) competes with BBC1

Channel 4- Mainly young adults (competitive with BBC2 for educated audience)

Channel five- Everyone (same as BBC1 and ITV1)

Repeats usually take up most of the daytime viewing on the channels, mainly to fill up the schedule and because they are cheap.

Channel 4 and five have the most imported programmes in their schedules because they don't have as much money as the BBC who are funded by the the licence fee and ITV1 who are funded by mass advertising companies.

This is because it is cheaper for channel 4 and five to buy American and Australian shows than to make a TV show.

The watershed- The shedding audience (of kids and chidren) technically is 9.00pm but nowadays is more around 10.00pm. Adult content maybe contained in programmes after this time.

Three Concepts

1. Inheritance- Schedule a programme after a popular programme, in hope that it wil inherit some of the audience from the previous. Important for new show.


2. Pre-Echo- Scheduling a programme before a popular programme in hope that the audience will tune in before the popular programme, catch abit of the previous and want to watch the whole episode the next week.


3. Hammocking- scheduling a programme between both popular programmes and hoping it will benefit from inheritance and Pre- echo.

Codes and Conventions of the documentary genre

Codes and conventions of the documentary genre

• Single strand

Editing:

• Cut is the most common edit so it does not distract what is on screen


• Editing should really be invisible unless its used for a purpose
  
• Editing techniques maybe used on actuality footage and archive material


• Visuals used over interviews


• Well paced interviews no longer that 1 or 2 minutes

Voiceover:

• Holds the narrative together (the glue that holds the documentary together)


• Gender is sometimes relevant depending on topic


• Relevant age to the topic in some way


• Standard English usually calm and clear delivery

Camerawork

• Creative and varied camerawork


• Conventional framing on interviews
  
• Camera usually static on a tripod


• Make sure interviewee is sat on static chair so it cant move

Interviews:

• Interviewee positioned to the left or right of frame - if more than one it alternates

• Filmed in medium shot, medium close up and close up

• Questions are edited out

• Mise en scene- background reinforces the content of the interview or is relevant to the interviewee, providing more information about them in terms of occupation or personal environment.

• Graphics are used to anchor who the person is on screen and the relevance to the topic of documentary-sub line

• The interviewee looks at the interviewer, not directly at the camera

• Positioning of the interviewer is therefore important. If the interviewee is on the right of the frame, the interviewer is on the left of the camera.

• The interviewer should sit or stand as close to the camera as possible

• Framing follows the rule of thirds-eye line roughly a third of the way down the screen.

• They're never filmed with a light source behind the interviewee i.e. in front of the window or the sun behind them

• Cutaways are edited into the videos for two reasons- break up interviews and illustrate what they're talking about- to avoid jump cuts, when questions are edited out.

• Cutaways are either :archive material suggested by something said in interview and therefore filmed after the interview

• Sometimes aspects of the interview are filmed with another camera e.g. extra close-ups of eyes, mouth and hands and used as cut aways

Archive Material:

• Use camera movement when filming still archive material e.g. zoom, pan


• Use a variety of relevant material to the documentary


• If Chromokey is used it should'nt detract from a interview


• Relevant music, correct sound levels so it does'nt interfere with visuals or voiceovers


• Music bed in which visuals lie on
  

Graphics:

• Graphics used to anchor who the person is and their relevance


• Can anchor a period of time and cant be obtrusive


• Simple details usually 2 lines

Genre Analysis: Analysis Small Teen, Big World

Type:
Mixed

Themes

• Dwarfism


• How disabilities affect lives

Narrative structure

Non Linear and Open

Camerawork

Interviews: Left or right framing, medium close up or close up, eyeline 1/3 of the way down

Cut between interview of Jazmine and her mum if different place

Parents in car interview: Looking behind seats un conventional not proper framing

Creative camerwork: Pan up, two shot, depth of field on beach, 360 spin low angle and high angles, reflective camera shots- through mirrors

Establishing shot

Low angles used to make them look taller and high angle to show the height difference

Mise- En- Scene

Medical- Mum on bed surrounded by pills and medication

Sound

Voice over- Jazmine is the narrator so its in 1st person

Seagulls

Alica Keys music

Editing

• Blur of Half screen- focused on one point
• Slow motion
• Fast motion
• Depth of field
  

Archive Material
Home footage- Films of Jazmines mum pregnant and of Jazmine when she was young.Still images- Of Jazmines dad

Graphics

Title: White sans, lower case bold the text 'small teen' was smaller than the text ' big world'

Summary and credits: Closes narrative, white lower case sans.

This is the trailer for the documentary showing some of the techniques used in the programme

Genre Analysis: Analysis of The 9/11 Faker

Type

Mixed

Themes

• Death
  
• Lies
  
• Using the media for publicity

Camerwork


Interviews: Framed left or right. Eyeline 1/3 down the screen, medium close up, close up or mid-shot.

Creative shots:

• Extreme close ups of stock footage e.g. computer keyboard



• Handheld camera when follwoing the 9/11 faker around the ground zero site



• Birdsview shot of ground zero- show sthe size and extent of disaster



• Low angles, pan, wide shot, establishing shots
  

Birds eye view of ground zero

Mise- en- scene

Interview reporter- Educated with books and library as background
Dark lighting on the reconstruction blue and white- Mysterious

Sound

Voice over: Narrator male and standard English

Tanyas Voice over- Female of a similar age to her

Slow paced music- to create mise-en-scene

Editing

• The most common edit is cut


• Depth of field


• Slow motion


• Flash


• Flashback


• Reconstruction


• Cut between inteviews to tell narrative
  

Archive Material

• Twin towers falling


• Still images of survivers and those killed


• Press Video


• Press conference


• Extreme close up of newpapers- The New York Times


• Welles memorial music concert

Graphics

Title: White, bold. sans

Interviews: The persons name and relevance to the show e.g. '9/11 Surviver'

This is a trailer of the 9/11 faker showing some of the techniques used in the documentary

Genre Analysis: BBC2 That thing... Lara Croft

Documentary Type:
Mixed

Themes:

• Video Games


• Impact of a video game character on people's lives


• The creation and phenomenon


• Representation on women


• How media influences peoples thoughts

Narrative Structure

• Closed


• Non- Linear


• Single strand
  

Camerawork

Interviews: Left or right alignment. Eyeline 1/3 of the way down the screen, medium closeup and closeups

Creative Camera work: Pan along computer room, whip pans, tilted frames, tracking, low angle and high angles.

Barbie sequence: Extreme close up relevant to Lara Croft distorted body shape.

Lara Croft game character

Mise- En- Scene

Chromokey background- Out of focus so it did'nt distract from interview.

Moving archive material

Front Projection- over the face of the interviewee

Sound

• Voiceover: Male, calm and clear, young someone who would play on the games


• Fast upbeat music


• Game and movie sounds e.g Gunfire


• Voice of Lara croft


• Madonna's song played over the interview as one of the interviewees mentioned her.

Editing

Chromokey

Light projected onto face

Fast motion

Cutting

Creator of game put into a computer game at a tilted camera

Archive Material

• Game clips


• Film clips


• Websites/blogs


• Pictures


• Nike advert


• Rolling stones magazine


• Angelina Jolie interview

Genre Analysis: Analysis of BBC The Music Biz: The Marketing of Meatloaf

Type of Documentary:

Mixed

Themes:

• The marketing of music


• The creation of image for a band or artist


• The power of media to influence audience behaviour.

Narrative Structure

• Non-linear


• Closed
  
• Single Strand (one main strand to narrative)
  

Camerawork

Interviews: Conventional framing to left or right, Medium close up or close up and eyeline 1/3 of way down screen.

Meatloaf interviews: Different interviews in different places, cut between them

Variety of Camerawork: Extreme close up, low angle, high angle, close ups

Point of view of a customer walking into a betting shop.

Extreme close up of CD covers, magazines, Camera movement on still archive material

The making of Meatloafs music video was all filmed in handheld camera.

Filmed the media to be separate from other journalists

Mise-En-Scene

Chromakey- Projects image on the background

The Background to interviews: archive/actuality footage related to what the interviewee is talking about

Sound

• Voice over: Sarcastic male, Standard English, Scottish accent, calm and clear delivery.
  
• In some cases actuality footage completed voiceover it integrates into the footage


• Meatloafs music

Editing

• Interviews: Dissolved in and out and cross cutting between 3 different interviews to link and construct the narrative.


• Freezes archive footage on Chromakey as interviewee dissolves in and out


• Slow motion


• On the making of Meatloaf's music video it cut from behind the scenes and then cut to the archive material of the finished music video shown below.
  
  
  

Archive Material

• Magazine covers, CD covers, TV clips, Music videos, Chat shows, News headlines


• Awards- Brits and Grammys 1994


• Ymca and Mr Blobby music videos


• Archive material used all the way through and to construct the mise-en-scene

Graphics

On interviews: White, serif, capitals and italics.

Title sequence, the music Biz series logo, name, occupation, company anchored their relevance on the show.

Genre Analysis: Analysis of Public Enemy number 1: The Devil made me do it

Type of Documentary:

• Mixed

Documentary Themes:

• Devil worship vs Religion
• Crime
• Murder investigation
• Power of the Media- Can/how it influence individuals behaviour

Narrative Structure

• Open narrative
• Non Linear

Camerawork

Interviews: Left or right framing, eyeline 1/3 of the way down, medium closeup. On Manson interviews a low angle was used

• Handheld camera on interview of man selling Manson merchandise: shows interview not prearranged
• Two shot of couple on couch

Creative Camerawork: Low and high angles, tacking, panning, zoom, crane, over the shoulder shot, close ups and extreme close ups.

Point of view shots:

• Of inspector in car and then police station
• Of a fan in Marliyn Mansons gig.
• Tilted frame of nun when shes being murdered.

Stock footage: Churches, religious iconography, establishing shots, birds eye view of cemetery.

Archive footage: Images, newspapers, cttv footage, Marliyn Manson gigs and music videos. Camera movement used on still images e.g. zoom

Press conference: The media is filmed during the press conference to show the distance between the documentary makers and the rest of the journalists, and observes shots of news cameras.

Mise-En-Scene

Low angle shot of police officer cap on desk - Authoritive

Stock footage- dark with a glow of yellow or blue

Manson interview in low angle and left side of face lit up and the right dark- connotations of good vs evil and split personality

Nun on her own in a basic plain room- Isolated

Manson Fans- eccentric and rebellious

Sound

Voiceover;

• Narrator
• Male
• Standard English
• Clam delivery
• Acts as glue that holds the narrative together
• Voice overs that translate into English had similar age to the person they were translating on the screen

Mansons music

Sound effects e.g. heart beat

Choral Religious music

Editing

• Most common editing technique: Cut

• Priest driving- Just audio, slow motion
• Reconstruction of nuns death- Sounds used to play out the reconstruction e.g heartbeat and thuds. Point of view shot of the nun lying on the floor
• Footage of Manson fans at concert with choral/religious music: it jars which is juxtaposition. Satanic rock and abusive controversial images with religious music. Two opposing things together and create meaning. Connotations of worshipping Satan.
• Manson in Mcdonalds shows that 'Marilyn Manson is a character' as he is going against his individuality by buying food from a corporate company like Mcdonalds.

Archive Material

1. News footage e.g. Police investigation and funeral
2. Still images
3. Marylin Manson music videos
4. Italian talk show
5. American massacre news reports

Graphics

Text under interviews: White text, sans serif- Name of person and relevance to documentary. It anchors their meaning to the topic and is aligned right or left of the screen with the name slightly bigger text that the rest.

Text used for dates and places: to show period of time

Text over audio: 'Veronicas confession' anchoring the audio to the person.

Summary of events at end: used to close the narrative of the trail.

Subtitles for Manson song lyrics

Title: Gothic Crufix

Genre Analysis: Type of documentaries

• Fully Narrated

A voice over is used to convey the exposition. The voice over is used to make sense of the visuals and dominates their meaning e.g. natural history documentaires.

• Fly on the wall

Draws on the French film movement cinema Vertie. The camera is unseen or ignored and simply records real events as they unfold.

• Mixed

A combination of interview, observation, actuality footage, archive material and narration to advance the argument/narrative.

• Self- Reflexive

When the subject of the documentary acknowledges the presence of the camera and often speaks directly to the programme maker.

• Docudrama

Re-enactment of events

• Docusoap

Documentary and soap opera. A group of central protagonists.

Structure of documentaries

Narrative documentaires

Open- loose ends which are not tied up at the end. Questions left unanswered.

VS

• Closed- there is a definite conclusion to the narrative
• Linear- follows chronological order

VS

• Non linear- not in time order e.g. flashback or flashforward
• Circular- start and end point the same. Usually are open.

Visuals

Television is a visual medium. The programme needs to be visually stimulating and maintain the audiences interest. It is up to the makers to make informative programmes interesting.

Archive Material

Street scenes, open countryside, close ups of faces and still images = stock footage

Interviews

An interview can be held anywere. But the setting does effect the meaning (mise-en-scene).

Vox Pop ( vox populis) - Voice of the people

Ask one question to several people and pick out the most entertaining answers. Good at getting a representive sample of the audience

Construction of reality

Reality artificially constructed

Gatekeeping

Selects facts and information and rejects unimportant footage. Basically the selection and rejection of content for inclusion in a media text. The editing process is were gatekeeping happens e.g. chopping up interviews

Voiceover

Can affect and alter meanings. It anchors the meaning of the visuals. Acts as glue to hold teh narrative of the documentary together.

Propaganda

Advertises and influences audience.

Genre Analysis: Documentary

Documentary

The purpose of the documentary is to document, that is to report, with evidence, something that has actually happened. It can show this by using actuality footage or reconstruction. It can use a narrator’s voiceover to anchor the means or rely on the participants themselves with perhaps the occasional interjection by the narrator.

Actuality footage- ‘Real’ footage of actual events.

John Grierson- General Post Office Film Unit in 1930s. Defined documentary as: “the creative treatment of actuality.” (Or reality)

Features of Documentaries

John Corner of the University of Liverpool: There are 5 central elements of the documentary;

1. Observation

The programme makers pretend that the camera is unseen or ignored by the people taking part in the events. The audience acts like an eye witness watching the events unfold. However the behaviour of the participants in the documentary could be false.

2. Interview

The most important aspect of a documentary. Opinions and information is given through interviews and documentaries rely on them.

3. Dramatisation

All documentaries use a sense of drama through; the observation element, or drama reconstruction.

4. Mise-En-Scene (Put in picture)

Documentary makers carefully constructed shots.

5. Exposition

The line of argument in a documentary. It is what the documentary is ‘saying’.